Table 5 Characteristics of the observers in the reviewed experimental studies

Al Hadi et al. (2020)/[24]

Two endodontists and one general dentist

No

No

98

Byakova et al. (2019)/[33]

Three endodontists, one maxillofacial surgeon, one periodontist

No

Yes

32

Ashmawy et al. (2018)/[25]

Two radiologists

No

Yes

99.4

Hekmatian et al. (2018)/[26]

Two maxillofacial radiologists

Yes

-

64.4

Abdinian et al. (2016)/[27]

One maxillofacial radiologist and one endodontist

Yes

Yes

40 (no post)

35 (with a post)

Ardakani et al. (2015)/[28]

One maxillofacial radiologist, one endodontist, and one postgraduate student of radiology

No

Yes

-

Valizadeh et al. (2015)/[29]

Three maxillofacial radiologists

No

Yes

-

Chavda et al. (2014)/[34]

Three endodontists, Ten postgraduate students of endodontics

Yes

No

46.4

Patel et al. (2013)/[35]

Three endodontists, Three postgraduate students of endodontics

Yes

No

40.9

Kambungton et al. (2012)/[17]

Three radiologists

-

-

50.2

Edlund et al. (2011)/[37]

Two maxillofacial radiologists

Yes

Yes

-

Varshosaz et al. (2010)/[31]

Five maxillofacial radiologists and one postgraduate student of maxillofacial radiology

-

-

70.5

Hassan et al. (2009)/[32]

Two endodontists and two 4^th year dental students

Yes

-

52.1

Mohammadpour et al. (2014)/[39]

Two maxillofacial radiologists and Two endodontists

Yes

Yes

-

Moudi et al. (2014)/[30]

Three maxillofacial radiologists

-

-

93.8 (no post)

81.3 (with a post)

Junqueira et al. (2013)/[22]

Three radiologists

-

-

-

Wanderley et al. (2021)/[38]

Three oral radiologists

-

-

63 (no post)

50 (with a post)

Fernanda Chiguti et al. (2021)/[40]

Two radiologists

Yes

Yes

82

De Lima Moreno et al. (2022)/[41]

Three blinded examiners with experience in CBCT scans

-

Yes

-

Oliveira et al. (2021)/[36]

Two oral radiologists

Yes

Yes

78.6